The nation’s scientific enterprise was rapidly expanding in tandem with the growth of the country. To meet the need for knowledge, federal science grew enormously, proliferating with agencies such as the Geological Survey, the Weather Service, the Forestry Service, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Department of Agriculture’s multiple research bureaus and the experiment stations it supported around the country. Comparable and then even greater growth was prompted in the private and academic sector by what historians call the Second Industrial Revolution.
This was the transformation that drew on the exploitation of the laboratory sciences to create new technologies and new industries-notably in electric light and power, communications, cinema, petroleum, and a myriad of other products of organic chemistry. A number of companies-notably G.E., AT&T, Westinghouse, and DuPont-established industrial research laboratories, enlarging the demand for technical expertise.
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